Reporter: Mr. Dennis Mark A. Dela Cruz
Professor: Dr. Carmencita L. Castolo
CULTURAL, POLITICAL, ETHICAL, AND ECONOMIC, CONTEXTS OF EDUCATION
In this lesson, we should be able to:
- Discuss the Role of Ethical and Economic Context of Education of developed and developing countries;
- Enumerate the contribution of education to Economic Growth of selected countries; and
- Practice how to institute values and instill moral development to both staff and trainees.
Role of Education in Promoting Human, Social, Economic, and Political Development and in Sustaining Economic Growth
Education is the basic building block of every society. It is a fundamental human right, not a privilege of the few. When we put #EducationFirst, we can reduce poverty & hunger, end wasted potential, & look forward to stronger & better societies for all” (globaleducationfirst.org).
Role of Ethical and Moral Development in Education
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“Values are also an integral part of ESD. In some cultures, values are taught overtly in the schools. In other cultures, however, even if values are not taught overtly, they are modeled, explained, analyzed, or discussed. In both situations, understanding values is an essential part of understanding your own worldview and other people's viewpoints. Understanding your own values, the values of the society you live in, and the values of others around the world is a central part of educating for a sustainable future. Two common techniques - values clarification and values analysis - are useful to the values component of ESD” (esdtoolkit.org).
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Ethics- is a branch of philosophy that attempts to help us understand which ways of life are worth following and which actions are right or wrong.
-addresses questions of right and wrong using reason rather than faith or tradition
· Economic and ethical development are viewed as complementary and highly integrated activities.
· The institute values the influence of personal morality and seeks consciously to cultivate it in both staff and trainees.
· Integration of economic development with the promotion of civic values is especially critical in crafts training programme, as economic ventures may be crippled by corruption or lack of trust.
· Income-generating skills can best be learned and used in a context of human dignity and honor, of trustworthiness and mutual support.
Character education- is a type of instruction that focuses on values, such as honesty, responsibility, respect,
caring, and fairness among students.
-encourages schools to develop programs that emphasize ethics and responsibility
- believe that “good character” can be formed through teaching – setting of examples, practice in a
supportive community
- long term goal- development of a more responsible and caring society
- begins with establishment of core ethical values that form the basis for instruction in
school and the community.
-values are integrated into school activities and into the general lesson strategies of the teachers
-presented at any grade level
early grades-emphasizes behavioral skills
later grades- topics such as reducing
prejudice and resolving conflicts
Service learning-central component of character education, students participate in programs that help other
Moral education- is instruction focused on questions of right and wrong.
-also includes development of values, the standards by which people judge what is important,
worthwhile, an good.
-sources – family, church, friends, and teachers-and even television
-Schools involvement-intentional or unintentional, for example, many stories for young readers include
a moral lesson
-1970’s, US educators began to develop special teaching methods to help students deal with moral
questions
Methods of Moral education
Schools use four methods in moral education:
- Inculcation
- Values clarification
- Moral development
- Value analysis
Comprehensive moral education - combination of these methods
Inculcation- is an effort to teach children the values that educators believe lead to moral behavior.
-values include honesty, compassion, justice, and respect for others
-one way of teaching is to provide praise and punishment
-another means is to have teachers reflect the desired values in their own behavior
Values clarification-helps students develop their own values and moral standards by teaching them a
decision-making process.
-learning procedures stress setting goals, choosing thoughtfully form alternatives, and acting on one’s
own convictions.
Moral development-helps improve their ability to judge moral questions.
-based on the theory that people progress from lower to higher stages of moral reasoning.
-According to the theory, people progress from making moral decisions based on self-interest, to
seeking the approval of others, to following rules, to respecting the rights of others, and so on.
-At the highest moral level, an individual might oppose the laws of society if they conflict with moral
principles that are even higher.
Educators stimulate moral development primarily by having students difficult questions called moral dilemmas.
Example: “Should Heintz steal food to feed his starving family?”
Educators also stimulate moral development by establishing just schools, in which students govern themselves according to the principles of fairness and justice.
Value analysis- helps students apply techniques of logic and scientific investigation to matters involving
values.
-Teachers stress the importance of exploring all alternatives, of gathering and evaluating the facts, and
of making a logical decision.
The Role of Education in Promoting the Political Development of Africa
Some African conflicts have to do with the way countries were created to suit the needs of colonial powers.
-tribes were divided in order to weaken them-regroup and led to border conflicts
-century old tribal antagonisms resurfaced once colonial power left-one of the oldest modern armed
conflict in Africa and still going on in Sudan due to cultural and religious differences
-Muslim North dominated political and economic power, drawing its strength from ethnic Arabs
-South-populated by Black Africans and mostly Christians has constantly been fighting to gain “respect”
-instances of slavery by the North on the South
Peace is a priority of Africa because of high crime rate, strikes, violence in all places and the law enforcers are not visible in the streets.
-institutions play a meaningful role in developing a culture of peace and redressing the present situation
-Higher Educational Institutions and Universities, train young professionals and future leaders
through teaching programs.
-create knowledge through research activities and provide community service outreach programs
-University-association of the use of module related to peace is being observed
The different levels of education, colleges and universities device school curricula and address to local, regional and institutional issues and problems of peace and human rights.
-Higher Educational institutions in Africa (teaching research and programs) can assist in developing a
culture of peace
-by ensuring that society develops the right attitude of tolerance and understanding;
-society is free from prejudices and misconceptions;
-society is well informed and that it has the ability to critically, objectively and intelligently assess past
and present crises
*Universities in Africa have embarked on peace programs.
Programmes aiming at the rapid transfer of knowledge, supporting institutional development and establishing centres of excellence in all areas of knowledge, in particular for peace education, conflict resolution, human rights and democracy, should be supported by institutions and by public and private donors (UNESCO World Conference on Higher Education). Article 1 - Mission to educate, to train and to undertake research (Missions and Functions of Higher Education)
Role of Education in Economic Development
Education is an essential tool for achieving sustainability. People around the world recognize that current economic development trends are not sustainable and that public awareness, education, and training are key to moving society toward sustainability (esdtoolkit.org).
PA 21 envisions a better quality of life for all Filipinos through the development of a just, moral and creative, spiritual, economically vibrant, caring, diverse yet cohesive society characterized by appropriate productivity, participatory and democratic processes, and living in harmony and within the limits of the carrying capacity of nature and the integrity of creation (pcsd.neda.gov.ph).
Role of Education in Economic Development in Japan
The contributions of education in achieving the modernization of the country since the Meiji Restoration (1868), might be evaluated from various points of view. Recently, the interests of countries abroad have been centered on the role of education in achieving the economic development of Japan.
The first point – was the economic reconstruction after World War and the prosperity that followed in Japan. ---remarkable recovery from the economic losses and spectacular economic growth in Japan as well as in West Germany is deemed as the miracle in the current world.
The first point stated that the unexpectedly rapid revival from the socio-economic collapse following World War, and the following prosperity in Japan resulted largely from the accumulated efforts of pre-War education.
The second point- is the fact that Japan is included among such countries as Canada, West Germany, Israel, U.S.S.R., and the U.S.A. which have achieved exceedingly rapid economic growth through this century.
The second points mentioned that Japanese education had successfully met the needs of industries which had developed on the bases founded in an earlier period.
The third point- is the overcoming of disadvantages by the introduction and diffusion of a modern educational system during the so called “take off” period.
Education in the early Meiji Era, as the third point, supported the foundation on which the modern Japanese economic system was created, rather than contributing directly to economic growth.
-diffusion of elementary education raised the quality of the people’s skills, modernized their thought, and made it possible for them to participate successfully in modern economic activities.
Japan now is approaching the economic level of developed Western countries, despite beginning modernization of society and industry later than the European countries, her overcrowded population and her very scarce natural resources.
Like Japan in Asia, Denmark in Europe is a country which overcame such disadvantages of underdeveloped status, overcrowded population and scarcity of natural resources.
-the common basis for the economic development of Denmark and Japan has been the introduction of modern educational system
-spread of general education to farm families who constituted the major part of the labor force
beginning period of modernization
*The role of education in achieving economic development in this country is attributed to the effort of the people who had restricted consumption and invested the money thus saved in education.
*That the rate of educational expenditures to national income in Japan was among the highest in the world substantiates this statement.
Role of Education in Promoting Social Developments and in Sustaining Economic Growth
Differences among nations play a big role in their developments which is affected by several factors such as economic, political and cultural. We are now an interconnected world.
Education does not focus on the school community alone but the larger communities of state, region, nation and whole world
With expansion of internet usage, people directly relate to all multicultural and global applications especially understanding and experiencing the global society and its interrelatedness and interdependence.
The Cultural Environment
Traditional Social Values and Success of China
-Chinese culture plays an important part in their society and has great influence in their educational system.
-Because of the moral-political emphasis in achievement and education, people’s attitude towards education had certain being self-disciplined and hardworking persons with good characteristics such as loyalty, filial piety, and friendliness.
Traditional Chinese society was composed of four estates of people:
1. Scholars –were of the highest prestige
*to be a moral man was the most important of all
*perfect gentleman who was characterized by righteousness, observance of rites, and faithfulness
*everyone should strive to be a moral man
*applied to education, the most important function of education was to cultivate moral men
“Learning is nothing else but the rediscovery of one’s virtuous conscience which has gone astray.” -Mencius
2. Peasants
3. Artisans
4. Merchants
Japanese Culture and Education
-Confucian past continue to exercise considerable influence on Japan.
-Divided into four estates:
1. Samurais-ranked first, were privileged warriors
*spent their leisure in improving themselves
*educated
*entered business to improve their financial situation
2. Peasants
3. Artisans
4. Merchants
In official schools, among the various subjects taught, martial arts and ethnics were of dominant significance.
-Students were taught martial arts, not only military skills.
-Students learned to develop the hierarchical and personal relationship with their master, which was a
fore state of the feudal lord-samurai relationship.
*Japan had an exceedingly high rate of literacy that’s why it enjoyed technological progress.
*It is generally accepted that widespread literacy and education promote development.
Philippine Culture, and Education
The Many Faces of the Filipino
Strengths of the Filipino Character
- Regard for others (Pakikipagkapwa-tao)
- Family Orientation
- Joy and Humor
- Flexibility, Adaptability and Creativity
- Hard work and Industry
- Faith and Religiosity
- Ability to survive
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Weaknesses of the Filipino Character
- Extreme Personalism
- Extreme Family Centeredness
- Lack of Discipline
- Passivity and Lack of Initiative
- Colonial Mentality
- Kanya-kanya Syndrome
- Lack of Self-Analysis and Self-Reflection
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Roots of the Filipino Character
- The Family and Home Environment
- The Social Environment
- Culture and Heritage
- History
- The Educational System
- Religion
- The Economic Environment
- The Political Environment
- Mass Media
- Leadership and Role Models
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References/Bibliography
1. Castolo, Carmencita L., Zenaida C. Santos and Severino A Espiritu. 2009.
Modules on MEM 647: Comparative Educational System: E-education Approach.p.122-132
