What is the Relation of Sociological Foundation to Education?
-the ultimate purpose of the social sciences is the improvement of human relations, that of education is the improvement of individuals; and therefore of human relations. The individuals and the group are two aspects of the same thing, hence cannot be separated
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Concepts of a Group
-a unit of interesting personalities with varied roles and status among members
- a unit of interacting personalities with an interdependence of roles and status existing between or among the members (Cole)
Kinds/Classification of Groups
1. Primary or Gemeinschaft – intimate personal or face-to-face relationship, e.g. family parents and siblings neighborhood group; school/classmates. The three important primary groups in the education process: the family, the neighborhood group, and the school.
2. Secondary or Gesellschaft – impersonal, contractual, business, like, e.g. between seller and costumer; driver and passenger; sales representative and pharmacists
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Types of voluntary associations:
1. Personal interest groups
2. Social service groups
3. Political action group
SOCIALIZATION
- mean function of society where in patterns of behavior and aspects of personality are inculcated
- the process whereby the individual acquires the social and cultural heritage of his society (Bertrand)
-the process of entering the human group, of being included into the secrets of society
Status
· one of the basic building blocks of social interaction
· the position assigned by a person in a group or organization
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What do we mean by “Sociology”?
The term “Sociology” is derived from the Latin “Socius” which means “social or being with others”; and the Greek “logos” which means “study”.
“Sociology” basically means the “study of social beings”.
In other words, “Sociology is the science of society and the social interactions taking place within it.”
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Other Group Classification According to Self-Identification
a. In-group – in this group an individual identifies himself with the group and is a sense of belongingness
b. Out-group - this is the group toward which one has a feeling of indifference, strangeness, avoidance, dislike, entagonism and even hatred (Bierstedt 1970:290)
c. Peer-group – a group where the members are approximately equal in age and social economic status.
- Play group –characterized by in formality and spontaneity most often without adult supervision
- Gang – common among boys than girls: usually there is a formal organization with a recognized leader.
- Clique –arises when two or more persons are related to one another in an intimate fellowship that involves going out together; doing things together, exchanging intimate a personal matters involving emotional sentimental situation
d. Reference group
-a symbolic reference or another for an individual as a point in making evaluations or decisions.
-one to which the individual refers and with whom he identifies, either consciously or unconsciously.
e. Voluntary association - may have a of officers and constitution and by- laws which are highly flexible
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Status Set
· to all statuses a person holds at a particular time
Types of Statuses
- ascribed
- achieved
- master status
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Role
- behavior expected of someone who holds a particular status, e.g. the student role involves attending classes and completing assignments as well as devoting a substantial amount of time for personal enrichment through academic study.
Role set - a term introduced by Robert Merton (1968) to identify a number of roles attached to a single status
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What is Society?
- derived from the Latin word “socios” or socialis” – meaning fellow, companion, or associate.
- a group of individuals with well-defined limits which persists in time, thus enabling them to develop a set of common ideas, attitude, norms, and sanctions, interaction, and of techniques for living and fitting together (human arrangements)
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Role conflict - the incompatibility among the roles corresponding to two or more statuses, e.g. parenting as well as working outside the home taxes both physical and emotional strength.
Role strain - incompatibility among the roles, corresponding to a single status, e.g. a plant supervisor may wish to be an approachable friend to other workers but his responsibility requires maintaining some measure of personal distance from each employee.
Role exit - the process by which people disengage from important social roles, e.g. ex-priests, ex-nuns, ex-husbands, ex-alcoholics, etc.
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SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
I. The Family
ü an institution is an “organization” or establishment for the promotion of a particular object, usually one for some public, education, charitable, or similar purpose, e.g. the Red Cross, UP, LNU, etc.
ü characterized by being (1) relatively universal, (2) relatively permanent, and (3) distinct in terms of function.
ü may also be human, wherein a group of people organize around some important functions that define statutes and roles and facilitate achievements, e.g. the family, a universal institution found not only among civilized people but also in primitive society.
ü The smallest and most important social institution, with the unique function of producing and rearing the young.
ü composed of a group of interacting persons united by blood, marriage, or adoption, constituting a household, carrying a common culture and performing basic functions.
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Classification of the Family
1. Family of orientation – the family into which people are born and in which the major part of their socialization takes place.
2. Family of procreation – the family that people create when they marry and have children.
Family Structure/Composition
Based on Internal Organization or Membership
1. nuclear or conjugal (based on marriage) – a two generation family group which consists of a couple and their children usually living apart from other relatives; places emphasis on the husband-wife relationship.
2. Extended or consanguine (shared blood) – a group which consists of one or more nuclear families plus other relatives; consists of the married couple, their parents, siblings, grandparents, uncles, aunts, and cousins; place primary emphasis on the “blood ties” with various relatives.
Based on Dominance of Authority
a. patriarchal
b. matriarchal
c. matrifocal
d. matricentric
e. egalitarian
· Based on Residence
· a. patrilocal
· b. matrilocal
· c. neolocal
· d. avunculocal
Based on Descent or Lineage – the way in which kinship and lineage are traced over generation
a. patrilineal
b. matrilineal
c. bilateral
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Functions of the Family
ü reproduction and rearing of the group
ü cultural transmission or enculturation
ü provide the needed socialization of the child with respect to his role and status
ü provide love and affections and a sense of security for its members
ü provide environment for personality development and growth of self-concept in relation to others
ü serve as an important mechanism for social control.
ü sexual regulation
Choice of Mate
All societies place some restrictions on the choice of sexual and marriage partners. Incest taboos are powerful prohibitions, against sexual relations between close relative (e.g. between father and daughter, mother and son, brother and sister). |
Educational Implications
ü since the family is a very important institution, education for the family life should be part of the curriculum
ü people who intend to get married should be oriented regarding their obligations so that the marriage will be successful
ü in Japan, there is a school for brides. There should be a school or course, not only for the brides but also for grooms.
ü since the average Filipino family is big, the school should teach the advantages of small families.
ü enculturation being a function of the family should pass on only worthwhile values, customs, mores, beliefs, and traditions.
ü sex is the propagation of the race and should therefore be engaged only by married people
ü it is not only the children who need an education, but also the parents
ü young people should not rush into marriage, but should give themselves time to find out whether they are really in love and suitable for each other.
ü since children are the ones who suffer from broken homes, couples should try hard to be reconciled and their parent, relatives, and friends, should help them toward this end.
ü couples should consult marriage counselors if they often quarrel or are drifting apart so that the marriage may be saved.
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SCHOOLING AND EDUCATION
II. The School
ü another institution that also takes care of socialization and enculturation
ü an institution established by the society for the basic enculturation of the young
ü a certain building having a unity of interacting personalities, a field of social forces, a system of formal-informal control, a special cultural world, a community service agency (Cook and Cook)
ü schooling – is a central component of education in industrial and other societies where formal instruction is done under the direction of specially trained teachers (Macionis 1998:334)
Education
üthe social institutions through which society members are with important knowledge, including basic facts, jobs, skills, and cultural values.
ütakes in a host of ways, many of their as informal as a family discussion
üthe formal institution that directs many of the learning experiences within a particular society.
ü the consciously controlled process whereby changes in behavior are produces in the person and through the person within the group. Therefore the ultimate a goal of education is the effective participation of individual in the total process of social interaction whether in terms of social, economic, health or any desirable human value.
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The Functions of Schooling (Macionis 1998:337)
Structural-Functionalist analysis focuses on ways in which schooling enhances the operation and stability of society.
ü Socialization – as societies become more technologically advanced, social institutions must emerge beyond the family to help socialize members of the society to become functioning adults. Important lessons on cultural values and norms are learned in schools at all levels.
ü Cultural innovation – education is not merely a transmission of culture, it is also a factor in the creation of culture through critical inquiry and research.
ü Social integration – through the teaching of certain cultural values, people become more unified. This is particularly critical function in culturally diverse societies.
ü Social placement – schooling serves as a screening and selection process. Performance is evaluated on the basis of achievement. It provides an opportunity for an upward mobility, however ascribe status still influence people in terms of their success in our educational system.
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Latent Functions of Schooling:
ü schools serves as a source of child care for the rising number of one-parent and two-career families.
ü among teens, schooling consumes much time and considerable energy, inhibiting deviant behavior.
ü schooling also occupies thousands of young people in their twenties for whom few jobs may be available.
ü high schools, colleges, and universities bring together people of marriageable age, many of whom meet their future spouses in the classroom.
ü school networks provide not only friendship, but valuable career opportunities and resources later on in life.
Learning – is the lifelong process that includes social and personal experiences that alter ones knowledge, behavior, and attitudes (Propenoe 1995)
Formal education sets definite objectives and goals, which are realized through systematic formal instructions and methods.
Informal education consists of learning, through interaction with others in the group, learning may be acquired through suggestion, observation, examples, imitation, and inculcation from any of the primary and secondary group or people one is engage in.
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Functions of Education:
Functionalist Perspectives
ü socialization – the most familiar socialization function of education is to transmit knowledge and technical skills, but students also learns the values and norms of their culture.
ü social control – schools are expected to persuade their students that it is necessary to behave according to society’s values and norms.
ü Selection and allocation – the main burden for selecting and allocating people to other particular occupational positions rests with the schools.
ü assimilation and sub-cultural maintenance – a major purpose of education has been to assist in the process assimilation, the absorption of newscomers into society.
ü innovation and change – education is often conservative force, but some aspects of education do promote social change especially by producing and spreading new knowledge, values, and beliefs.
Conflict Perspective
ü Tracking – a system that divides students into different groups of classes on the basis of academic ability, which usually starts as soon as a child enters schools.
ü Credentialism – the requirement of advanced degrees for certain jobs is seen by functionalists as a way of making sure that the best people are hired to fill important positions.
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Prepared by:
Mr. Dennis Mark A. Dela Cruz
MEM-ELM Student
DR. ZENAIDA A. OLONAN
Professor
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