Facts About the Human Body

1. A fetus acquires fingerprints at the age of three months. 2. A fingernail or toenail takes about 6 months to grow from base to tip. 3. A healthy individual releases 3.5 oz. of gas in a single flatulent emission, or about 17 oz. in a day. 4. A person will die from total lack of sleep sooner than from starvation. Death will occur about 10 days without sleep, while starvation takes a few weeks. 5. A cough releases an explosive charge of air that moves at speeds up to 60 mph. 6. A sneeze can exceed the speed of 100 mph. 7. According to German researchers, the risk of heart attack is higher on Monday than any other day of the week. 8. According to the Kinsey Institute, the biggest erect penis on record measures 13 inches. The smallest tops off at 1 3/4 inches. 9. After spending hours working at a computer display, look at a blank piece of white paper. It will probably appear pink. 10. An average human drinks about 16, 000 gallons of water in a lifetime. 11. An average person uses the bathroom 6 times per day. 12. An individual blood cell takes about 60 seconds to make a complete circuit of the body. 13. Babies are born with 300 bones, but by adulthood we have only 206 in our bodies. 14. Beards are the fastest growing hairs on the human body. If the average man never trimmed his beard, it would grow to nearly 30 feet long in his lifetime. 15. Blondes have more hair than dark-haired people. 16. By age sixty, most people have lost half of their taste buds. 17. By the time you turn 70, your heart will have beat some two-and-a-half billion times (figuring on an average of 70 beats per minute.) 18. During the 2,475,576,000 seconds of the average length life, we speak 123,205,750 words, have sex 4,239 times, shed 121 pints of tears. 19. Each square inch of human skin consists of twenty feet of blood vessels. 20. Every person has a unique tongue print. 21. Every square inch of the human body has an average of 32 million bacteria on it. 22. Every time you lick a stamp, you're consuming 1/10 of a calorie. 23. Fingernails grow faster than toenails. 24. Most men have erections every hour to hour and a half during sleep. 25. Fingerprints serve a function - they provide traction for the fingers to grasp things. 26. Humans have 46 chromosomes, peas have 14 and crayfish have 200. 27. Humans shed about 600,000 particles of skin every hour - about 1.5 pounds a year. By 70 years of age, an average person will have lost 105 pounds of skin. 28. If it were removed from the body, the small intestine would stretch to a length of 22 feet. 29. If you are locked in a completely sealed room, you will die of carbon dioxide poisoning first before you will die of oxygen deprivation. 30. If you go blind in one eye, you'll only lose about one-fifth of your vision (but all your depth perception.) 31. In the late 19th century, millions of human mummies were used as fuel for locomotives in Egypt where wood and coal was scarce, but mummies were plentiful. 32. It takes 17 muscles to smile --- 43 to frown. 33. It would take 1,200,000 mosquitoes, each sucking once, to completely drain the average human of blood. 34. Lab tests can detect traces of alcohol in urine six to 12 hours after a person has stopped drinking. 35. Laughing lowers levels of stress hormones and strengthens the immune system. Six-year-olds laugh an average of 300 times a day. Adults only laugh 15 to 100 times a day. 36. On average women say 7,000 words per day. Men manage just over 2000. 37. One in every 2000 babies is born with a tooth. 38. Pregnancy in humans lasts on average about 270 days (from conception to birth). 39. Some people never develop fingerprints at all. Two rare genetic defects, known as Naegeli syndrome and dermatopathia pigmentosa reticularis, can leave carriers without any identifying ridges on their skin. 40. The ashes of the average cremated person weigh nine pounds. 41. The average adolescent girl has 34,000 underdeveloped egg follicles, although only 350 or so mature during her life (at the rate of about one per month). 42. The average duration of sexual intercourse for humans is 2 minutes. 43. The average human body contains enough: iron to make a 3 inch nail, sulfur to kill all fleas on an average dog, carbon to make 900 pencils, potassium to fire a toy cannon, fat to make 7 bars of soap, phosphorous to make 2,200 match heads, and water to fill a ten-gallon tank. 44. The average human produces 25,000 quarts of spit in a lifetime, enough to fill two swimming pools. 45. The brain is soft and gelatinous - its consistency is something between jelly and cooked pasta. 46. The feet account for one quarter of all the human bodies bones. 47. The human body has enough fat to produce 7 bars of soap. 48. The human body has over 600 muscles, 40% of the body's weight. 49. The human brain is about 85% water. 50. The largest cell in the human body is the female ovum, or egg cell. It is about 1/180 inch in diameter. The smallest cell in the human body is the male sperm. It takes about 175,000 sperm cells to weigh as much as a single egg cell. 51. The largest human organ is the skin, with a surface area of about 25 square feet. 52. The left lung is smaller than the right lung to make room for the heart. 53. The most common blood type in the world is Type O. The rarest, Type A-H, has been found in less than a dozen people since the type was discovered. 54. The Neanderthal's brain was bigger than yours is. 55. The only bone in the human body not connected to another is the hyoid, a V-shaped bone located at the base of the tongue between the mandible and the voice box. Its function is to support the tongue and its muscles. 56. The only time the human population declined was in the years following 1347, the start of the epidemic of the plague 'Black Death' in Europe. 57. The permanent teeth that erupt to replace their primary predecessors (baby teeth) are called succedaneous teeth. 58. The tips of fingers and the soles of feet are covered by a thick, tough layer of skin called the stratum corneum. 59. There are 45 miles of nerves in the skin of a human being. 60. There are 60,000 miles of blood vessels in the human body. 61. Though it makes up only 2 percent of our total body weight, the brain demands 20 percent of the body's oxygen and calories. 62. Three-hundred-million cells die in the human body every minute. 63. Women burn fat more slowly than men, by a rate of about 50 calories a day. 64. Women's hearts beat faster than men's. 65. Your stomach cells secrete hydrochloric acid, a corrosive compound used to treat metals in the industrial world. It can pickle steel, but mucous lining the stomach wall keeps this poisonous liquid safely in the digestive system.

TYPOLOGY OF HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS: AN ANALYSIS

TYPOLOGY OF HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS

This system of classifying Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) in the Philippines will changed the context of Philippine Higher Education. As stated in CHED Memorandum Order No.46, s. 2012, HEIs will focus on their mandate and their differentiated functions in achieving the national goals. Also, these typologies provision a more rational monitoring and evaluation system for quality-assurance of each HEIs. There will be also grant of support and incentives for HEIs based on their mandate which have demonstrated excellent performance. The classifications of HEIs will also open up spaces for a more intensive intervention and development programs for priority areas; and rationalization of the number and distribution of different types of HEIs for the entire country, region, province, and etc. In the end, these will improve the relevance and efficiency of the system as a whole.

As part of the Quality Assurance and Philippines Higher Education Reform Agenda, these typologies will regulate the proliferation of SUCs and LUCs that are more easily converted into universities and violate CHED Omnibus CMO. There were SUCs and LUCs that were autonomous and deregulated regardless of institutional quality performance. With these classifications, HEIs can only be granted autonomy and deregulation only if they have met the criteria for vertical classification – commitment to excellence (70%), and institutional sustainability and enhancement (30%). But, if the HEI failed to meet the set criteria, then they will be classified as regulated.

Another Quality Assurance outcome of this system will result in preventing individual HEIs from creating and pursuing more relevant programs without appropriate QA outcomes that are responsive to local and/or regional conditions. This will lessen HEIs from opening and offering programs which are mismatched and oversubscribed between needed qualifications and the competencies of Filipino graduates. Other issues in higher education addressed by this are deteriorating quality in some higher education institutions, and weak research outcomes in universities. With typology-based QA outcomes, HEIs will clearly define their purpose in higher education to ensure that they are within the standards set as per CMO 46, s. 2012. The lack of focus on research and graduate education due to lack of linkages with knowledge hubs and multiple stakeholders in the Philippine technology innovation system in a few universities for technological innovation will also be addressed by the said system.

With typology of higher education as per issuance of CMO 46, s. 2012, the HEIs who believed in themselves to be what they are not can be diminish and can offer the quality-based outcomes and services in line to their missions.

THE HORIZONTAL TYPOLOGY

            The horizontal typology of Higher Education Institutions is based on the differentiated functions of the HEIs in line with the development of the national goals. The quality of HEIs in this typology is premised on the HEIs alignment and consistency of the learning environment with the HEIs Vision, Mission, and Goals. This classification is a very good system of differentiating HEIs with their stated mandate. In this horizontal typology, all HEIs are deemed classified as the same or equal and in turn will diminish the prevailing perception that a university-earned degree as screen for competencies is better than degree earned provided by other types of HEIs. For, there are HEIs which are not universities but are producing highly qualified professionals. Also, others would agree that there are professional institutes and colleges that are best and have demonstrated quality in their programs. Therefore, it is not an issue whether someone is a graduate of a university, a college, or an institute, but rather it is about the function of the HEI in the development of professionals in line with their mandates.  

As described in the CMO 46, s. 2012, and the horizontal type of HEIs have different roles to play in the national development of the Philippines.  The Professional institutions are focused on developing professionals who have technical knowledge and skills in the field that will contribute to nation building. The attainment of this mandate by a Professional institute is through having degree programs that will develop specialized skills, full-time faculty members, appropriate learning resources and support structures, build sustaining linkages with the community and have outreach programs to ensure the development of relevant academic and extension programs as well as the application of their learning outcomes.  In the Philippines, there are plenty of Professional Institutes providers of higher education. Many of these Institutes believed in themselves what they are that they are not. For example, they are the best, they are like this.., and the question is who said that they are the best?  One way or another, the establishment of this kind of classification will eventually control the proliferation of commercialized higher education institutions in the country. Someone who is planning to put up higher education provider institution should firmly adhere to the standards set by the Commission on Higher Education to ensure quality of graduates.

The Colleges which contribute to nation building by developing educational experiences and adults with technical knowledge and skills is also focused on becoming responsive to the needs of the communities they serve. In particular, Colleges should participate in development activities and community extension programs that would contextualize the knowledge of their students. In the attainment of the mandate, the Colleges should have a degree programs characterized by a core curriculum, full-time faculty members, specific and appropriate learning resources and support structures, linkages with the communities, and outreach programs that will further develop students’ knowledge and skills contextualizing their knowledge within actual social and human experiences. This classification will turn Colleges to be performing their mandate not only in academic productivity but community responsiveness as well. HEIs typed as College will have to contribute to the development of the community they are serving as part of the development of their students’ knowledge and as one of the minimum requirements for Colleges.  Also, this classification will minimize duplication of functions and programs offered by HEIs. Knowing the Vision, Mission, and Goals of the HEIs, the Commission on Higher Education will likely identify functional HEIs to the needs of their communities and excellent programs offered as well as oversubscribed programs. Hopefully, by 2017 as the year for review of all Colleges and HEIs, there will be a clear findings and list of HEIs and how responsive they are to the development of the needs of the country. What will happen to the unresponsive HEIs? Will there be sanctions for disobeying HEIs? It would be good if there will be closure of low-performing HEIs and those HEIs who cannot sustain learning resources, no linkages with private sectors and industries, and are just existing for business.

Universities contribute to nation building by developing trained experts in the various technical and disciplinal areas by emphasizing the development new knowledge through research and development. In order to attain its mandate, universities should have comprehensive range of degree programs in all levels, full-time faculty members with at least 30% that are involved in research, comprehensive learning resources and support structures, linkages with international research institutions to ensure that research activities of the universities are in the current global standards, and outreach programs that will allow the students, faculty, and staff to apply the new generated knowledge to address specific problems. This classification in some ways put a well-defined function of a university product-an expert in the field he or she has chosen. Also, an HEI given the name “university” should have to prove with its contemporaries meeting the requirements and standards set by the Commission on Higher Education, otherwise, this HEI shall apply for a classification fitting for its performance and quality outcomes. The classification will ensure that HEI classified as “university” has demonstrated and has met the requirements for universities with the evidences of their data and documents submitted as per application. The typology of higher education institutions as part of the Higher Education Reform Agenda in the Philippines is one of the best way to address the deteriorating quality of HEIs. To be typed as University by CHED is an achievement of that HEI. From this classification of HEI, people will know which is which. Of the many existing HEIs in the country bearing “university” in their name, by 2017, probably CHED will have the names of those HEIs who successfully meet the requirements for the said classification. CHED should be determined in pursuing this so as to address the country’s deteriorating quality of higher education. Recognized and typed the HEI as “university” only if they deserved and have demonstrated and meet certain standards as evidenced by their kind of outcomes and data. People will benefit from this and in the end the country will be known in the field of education. For HEIs like those which will be typed as universities will be true to their mandates and have linkages with other research hubs in the various parts the world. These HEIs will have to maintain their classification so as their requirements and will eventually produce quality outcomes maintain a high quality standard of higher education. That will only be possible, only if the ideal requirements for an HEI are manifested by the institution. Now, what about those who cannot? Will there be punishment or disciplinary measures for those who will not follow the CMO 46, s. 2012? 

This horizontal typology is again one of the best ways to address some of the issues in Higher Education mentioned earlier. Recognizing the differentiated functions of the HEIs and their mandate in the development of national goals, this classification will ensure quality assurance in Philippine Higher Education more specifically if this is implemented, monitored and evaluated periodically. This will make the Philippines get back on track to its education goals and Philippine Higher Education way up on its neighboring countries.

THE VERTICAL TYPLOGY

            The vertical classification is based on HEIs demonstrated quality of the learning services and outcomes, and the development of culture.  All these are related to the HEIs level of program excellence and institutional quality.

            This classification will make and sustain the best higher education institutions in the country. For example, an HEI to be granted with a rank higher than from their current position shall have excellent programs and institutional sustainability. In this case, to be typed as deregulated or autonomous as per evaluation, an HEI should have demonstrated commitment to excellence and institutional sustainability enhancement. It would be a little bit tough for those HEIs who crisis on the purpose of their institution and are just there for business. But for HEIs whose purpose of their establishments are clear, then it would be a challenge for them to continue demonstrating excellence and quality in their institutions.  HEIs have to prove their quality through their outcomes and data to be granted with the kind of classification in this vertical typology. For example, to be autonomous, then, demonstrate criteria for autonomous or to be typed as deregulated, then, demonstrate criteria for deregulated HEIs. So, if by evaluation the HEI has met the criteria then they will be typed as such classification, but if not, then the HEI will be under the regulated status.

            CHED has to be ready by 2017. Many if not most of the Higher Education providers will fall under regulated status. Knowing the kind of flourishing HEIs in the country, CHED has to be prepared and firmed for this typology-based standard. For, the Commission’s goals in the issuance of CMO 46, s. 2012 will only be achieved only if these are strictly implemented.

            In addition, people will benefit from this vertical classification. This will give the society and the country in the end the best HEIs as per evaluation by CHED. The interest of the many will be protected and ensured by this typology. For, an HEI cannot just claim and believed that they are autonomous or deregulated. There will be questions that can be asked like, who have granted them their status? How did they attain that classification? Did they meet the Commission on Higher Education’s criteria and standards? Again, it will be toughed and an exciting challenge to all HEIs in proving their worth in this type of typology.

            To be given the horizontal type, HEIs shall apply and meet the minimum requirements for each classification. While excellence of programs and institutional sustainability have to be met in order to be granted such type in the vertical typology. Hopefully, CHED will not only review the submitted documents and evidences by the HEI but, will also visit and evaluate the institutions’ facilities, learning resources, and support structures. This is to ensure that HEIs horizontal types are strictly compliant with the requirements for quality assurance (QA). Similarly, the grant of vertical classifications shall be strictly observed in all HEIs regardless of if they are chartered institutions. Thus, being classified as autonomous or deregulated HEIs which are often associated with incentives, privileges, and other benefits will be ensured and be endowed only for qualified and deserving higher education institutions. With this, typology-based quality assurance scheme for HEIs, CHED will eventually uplift the quality of higher education in the country in few years to come of its implementation.

            

Submitted by:

Mr. Dennis Mark A. Dela Cruz

Submitted to:

Dr. Catherine Q. Castañeda

WHAT IS EXTRAJUDICIAL IN EXTRAJUDICIAL KILLINGS: A POSITION PAPER

Introduction

In the campaign of the Duterte administration against illegal drugs, human rights advocates and the unnumbered critics of this government have decried of extrajudicial killings. Many have expressed and even criticized and accused the President for human rights violation. The intensive war against the proliferation of the illegal drugs in all places in the country has called the attention of the many Filipinos both political leaders and ordinary citizens. It also has drawn flaks among international community leaders, international organizations, and peoples from around the world. Condemnation of the anti-illegal drugs battle is mostly due to and centered to violation of rights to life as many have wept. Rightfully the government’s intention is to eradicate illegal drugs in all sorts in the country. It’s striking that this sovereign drive has been associated with extrajudicial killings and worst the state’s critics and political opponents have accused the President of committing and endorsing killings without due process. Also, the United Nations and European Union have urged the country’s head of state to stop the extrajudicial killings. 

As what Senator Allan Peter Cayetano stated during the Senate’s Committee on Justice hearing on the alleged extrajudicial killings of law enforcers, everyone has to be lectured on what is an extrajudicial killing. All should have to know, what is really extrajudicial killing? When is killing considered to be extrajudicial? Are all deaths in the country extrajudicial? Or is it only the media who has sensationalized the numbered deaths and framed the minds of the people to the issue of non-judicial killings? What could be transpired from all the efforts of the government to stop the more than three decades old problem on drugs? Is everything in the campaign really extrajudicial? Countless questions have puzzled every citizen of the country and the humanity across the globe.  The countrymen including the people of the world need to be rightfully educated of the whole truth. If extrajudicial has existed in the drive of the government, then offenders should be held liable. For the inalienable right to life is constitutionally protected. And it is the duty of the state to protect the rights of its citizenry.           

Although the government has denounced publicly such extralegal execution and argued that such killings are committed by non-state actors. The perpetrators of the numbered deaths relating into illegal drugs is still at large. Investigations and charging criminal cases to culprits are not enough if there is such commission of extrajudicial execution. 

The term “extrajudicial killings” as used by various media outlets to define killings of the drug addicts during the campaign of the government against illegal drugs is wrong according to Senator Cayetano.  He also argued that on 2012, former President Benigno Aquino III and Ex-Department of Justice Secretary and who is currently Senator Leila De Lima signed an administrative order to know when the term “extrajudicial killings” can be used. In such Administrative Order No.35, extra-legal killings (ELK) or extra-judicial killings (EJK)- for purposes of operationalization and implementation of this Administrative Order No.35, the ELK/EJK will refer to killings wherein: 

            a. The victim was:

                        i. a member of, or affiliated with an organization, to include political,

                        environmental, agrarian, labor, or similar causes; or 

                        ii. an advocate of above-named causes;

                        iii. a media practitioner; or

                        iv. person(s) apparently mistaken or identified to be so.

Learning from this signed Administrative Order No.35 operational guidelines of EJK, killings of common lawbreakers like drug lords, drug pushers, and drug addicts must not be referred to as extrajudicial killings and shall be addressed with other appropriate words within the judicial system. It is definitely wrong to view the issue of engendered deaths and use the term extrajudicial killings. There is no EJK in this case in the country. Only, there are killed drug delinquents, crimes committed as it can be further referred. 

On the other side, the government has protected the right to life of its people. Well, killing drug delinquents on legitimate police operations really matters much more the life of the victims of drug-related criminals. As human rights advocates and political partisans have professed that these suspected criminals’ rights to life must be respected same is true with the rights to life of their victims. The government is doing its part of guarding and saving its people from all the cunning effects of narcotics. Just recently, the government has announced the soft opening of the mega rehabilitation facility inside Fort Magsaysay in Nueva Ecija.  This is to prove that the government is concerned not only to the welfare of the righteous but the victims of illegal drugs as well. Now, who’s right is best to be protected? It should be the rights of the entire citizenry and not the felons. The right to life is fundamental to all mankind in the land. And the right to live cannot be breached by anybody. Casualties in the anti-narcotics drive are inimical. But everyone has to understand that in legitimate police operations and the enforcers lives are put in danger, then, expectation for any casualty is at stake. It would either the police operatives or the drug offenders. Of course, these drug offenders would not just simply surrenders and the police likewise would not simply lay down the laws.

Counter Argument

            Historically, Christian Pangilinan (2012) wrote that extrajudicial killings and other human rights violations have existed long years ago since the administration of President Ferdinand Marcos and after his implementation of Martial Law. There has been recorded numerous disappearances and deaths since then. This phenomenon has continued to the administration of Benigno S. Aquino and up to this time.  Extrajudicial killings problems have persisted and more it created conflicts between the government, the law enforcers, the human rights activists, and political opponents. Pangilinan further argued that, the reason for this is because there is no legislation that clearly defines and or explains what it is. In other words, the term “extra judicial killings” have been used decades ago and have gone undefined in Philippine law and no legislative measures have been passed. 

            The Manila Times on September 29, 2016 published editorial urging House legislators to consider the definition for extrajudicial killings provided by the United States Torture Victim Protection Act. In this act, it defines extrajudicial killing as “a deliberate killing not authorized by a previous judgment pronounced by a regular constituted court affording all the judicial guarantees which are recognized as indispensable by civilized peoples”. If this is to be the carried out then there could be voluminous number of unlawful deaths in the country that has to be investigated more likely the alleged victims of the fierce drug war of the government. 

            Antonio Contreras, conversely stated in his facebook post that in our current system, every killings are extra-judicial. The only killing that is legal according to him is the one that is issued by the Courts as penalty and happened only after due process. He further claimed that it is even true even when police kills a criminal in self-defense and the armed forces battling with rebels and kill them. Technically to Contreras, it still is homicide and the only exception is it is self-defense and so legitimizing the act. 

            The Senate Committee on Justice conducted an inquiry in aid of legislation as its purpose. Senator De Lima the ousted chairman has firmly believed that there are extrajudicial killings and linking the President to such act. However, as interpellations have been made, it turned out that there is no way to claim extrajudicial killings as the senate hearing ended with the new Senate Committee on Justice Chairman, Senator Dick Gordon.  

            At this time, the human rights advocates both local and international, the local and global media, and the political antagonists have been putting deaths squarely blaming the government as fatalities of the brutal anti-narcotics war. Yes, it’s right to call for an investigation on these summary executions but let us not preempt it as outcomes of extralegal execution. To accuse the State of violating human rights and committing extrajudicial killings is inappropriate. As per Senate Hearing conclusion, the government is not behind the unlawful deaths and the Senate panel has also cleared the President. 

            It is now time to call for dropping the term “extrajudicial killings” in the numbered “deaths under investigations” as referred to by the Philippine National Police. As what the House of Representatives Committee on Public Order and Safety did, it has definitely decided to drop the use of the watchword “extrajudicial killings” and would rather use “death under investigation” in their impending hearings, investigations and reports.  The House Deputy Speaker, Gwendolyn Garcia questioned the used of the term “extrajudicial killings” and has motioned to stopped the use of it which later was then approved by the Committee. The Republic Act No.8177 was the only law imposing death penalty by lethal injection in the country but was repealed by Republic Act No. 9346. It is now understandable to say that the Philippines cannot have judicial killing nor extrajudicial killing since it has no law pertaining the imposition of a capital punishment which is death penalty.  According to Congresswoman Garcia, how such a judicial killing could exists when in fact there is the absence of death penalty in the country? And so occurrence of extrajudicial killings which would mean killings that transpired in the absence of due process and judicial proceedings in the country cannot just be conveniently reported as it is. Hence, for extrajudicial killings to occur there has to be judicial killings first. 

My Argument

            Killings are act of human rights violations. Nobody is authorized to take away life from any person. Everyone has the right to live. In the war against illegal drugs the conflict between human rights advocates and political partisans has arisen. It is right to claim that even criminals have right to live. But, what about their victims? Isn’t right to also say that the innocent victims of drug reprobates have the right to free existence and breath? The Commission on Human Rights and the United Nations have urged the government to stop the violence and killing. And that the international organization- the United Nations has warned President Duterte that his directives to police officers to kill drug lords who would put the latter’s live in danger is a crime under international law.  In his first State of the Nation Address, President Duterte once said, “human rights cannot be used as a shield or an excuse to destroy the country.” These words are clear if one violates the law then he or she cannot be excused for the consequences. But of course the State is protecting the rights of its people. On his facebook post, Senator Cayetano said, “We believe in protecting the human rights of all Filipinos. We support the President and the PNP’s war against drugs!” Thus, barking for the rights of the crooks to give them equal protections despite their unlawful acts would be very unfair to the 9 year old mutilated rape victim. Only to discredit the President and not to defend the law-enforcers in this fight to eradicate illegal drugs in the whole country, many have joyridden the issue of killings which according to US Ambassador to the Philippines, Philip Goldberg, “…extrajudicial killings remain foremost among the human rights challenges in the Philippines.”   Sadly, the country has a very poor human rights record in the international community due to alarming prevalence of killings and unexplained appearances without anyone being held accountable (Reyes and Del Castillo, 2016).

            Extrajudicial killings issue has produced a kill list to many media entities such as ABS-CBN, GMA-7, and Philippine Daily Inquirer to name a few. Kill list as it is called by many media units is an entry of names of people counted as dead allegedly related to the drug war. Currently, the Philippine Daily Inquirer Kill List has totaled more than 2 500 death tolls in connection with the anti-illegal drugs war. These kill lists by various media bodies have created unwarranted prosecution to the many law-enforcers and the government. It has created profound disappointment and frustration not only to the President but to the more than 16 million Filipino and foreign supporters. One major supporter of the President questioned the kill list. Why only now where in fact during President Aquino’s term, there have been so many deaths. It is also baffling because why even those who were alive are included in the list. Thinkingpinoy.net debunked thhe Philippine Daily Inquirer’s Kill List for the reason that it tallied about 600 deaths from June 30, 2016 to August 15, 2016. It further stated that even if all these deaths were drug related, and even if they all happened entirely in July 2016, it’s only about 1 casualty per 1000 successful arrests. Accordingly, it only translates to an Arrest-related Death Rate (ADR) of less than 0.2% for drug-related crimes. There are ten illogicalities according to thinkingpinoy.net in the kill list of the Philippine Daily Inquirer. These are the problematic use of surge, verifiability, heavy editorializing, police doing their job honestly, blatant false dichotomies, entries that came back from the dead, the kill list barks at the wrong tree, those not on drug lists, actual malice, and legitimate police operations. These only prove that the kill list lacks scientific evidences against the war on drugs and that many of these media units have only sensationalized the slayings under investigation. Is media to be blamed for making the country in the bad light? Consequently, one facebook user and supporter of the drug war posted, the news that we have as regard to numbered deaths are drug offenders unlike in the past that we often heard of dead rape victims and murders because of drug abusers.

Nevertheless, despite all the allegations and criticisms and the many kill lists, Teresa Cerojano of the Philippine Star, wrote and argued that Filipinos are supportive and seen backing the President even though the rise in killings is clear. This claim is still supported by the recent trust ratings survey of Pulse Asia where President Duterte scored 86 percent approval ratings in his first 100 days.

            The government needs support for this candid will to eradicate illegal drugs. Summary killings are not part of the government campaigns in stopping spread of narcotics. The Asian neighboring countries have backed up the Duterte Administration in this fight to end drugs in the country. It has earned the support of Indonesia, Brunei, and just recently the China. While the many Filipinos still in full support to the President, there are many across the globe not only fellow Filipinos but also international communities have drawn disapproval of the government efforts to cracked-down the prohibited drugs.  The Secretary of Foreign Affairs, Perfecto Yasay told and affirmed that Philippines is still committed to the United Nations despite disappointments and frustrations from the international agency. On the other hand, netizens have always expressed their support to the battle on illegal drugs. Many have created blogs and used the social media to express their support for the government. Some have castigated the “biased” media for their extreme sensationalism and were urged to report only what is true and accurate.

Conclusion

            Human rights violation in any way is not acceptable. Whatever will be the reason for killing will never be valid. The right to life is fundamentally basic and is not to be breached. In the determination of the government to stop illegal drugs, the phrase “extrajudicial killings” have gone controversial locally and internationally. There is no extrajudicial killing in the country nor has the government sponsored such killings. However, there are only killings for many decades now but the government is not behind it. The sovereign state has its duty to protect its populace from any harm. And illegal drugs problem have persisted and have caused the many victims and the country too much problems. It has to be solved.  

The use of the term “extrajudicial killings” in deaths due to legitimate drug operations should be dropped and stopped. Likewise, associating the numbered deaths to the government’s campaign to end illegal drugs is unfair to the many law-enforcers who have rendered and risks their lives and has to be eluded. A more appropriate term shall be used to address anti-drug related deaths.

More so, kill lists have to be validated and if not be junked for lack of consistencies and scientific evidences. The more than 2000 death tolls being connected to the drug war is a small number compared to the more than 700 000 drug surrenderees. Meaning, the government has done successful operations in implementing its campaign. Also, media has to be fair and just in reporting and avoid extreme sensationalism. Correspondingly, biases of these mainstream media have put the country and its persevering leaders in undeserved spot. Sensationalism has affected and caught the attention of the oppositionists. Media has to be cautious and would be good to retract its bad practices in reporting. Freedom of expressions should therefore be used to help carry out the programs of the country. Sensationalism can be used to contribute positively in all sorts of the government’s effort to particularly end the drug menace.

Everyone has the responsibility to support the government especially in this effort of bringing back the country’s fate to goodness. Filipinos elsewhere in the world have to be united to successfully end illegal drugs. Each should refrain from disparaging the administration’s battle against illegal drugs. If and only if there are human rights violations submit it to proper legal bodies and let it be heard for once. Punishing perpetrators is a key to address the problem but the support of the populace is more desirable to eventually stop not only the killings but the proliferation of the very causes of the issue-the illegal drugs.

In all of these, the government has been cleared of the allegations of extrajudicial killings. The moved to eliminate illegal drugs will continue to be intensive. It has to stay and be mindful of every human’s constitutional rights. To fervently solve the root of these unlawful death problems in the country, it is proposed that the government shall:

1.    Provide and legislate a clear-cut definitions of extra-judicial killings

2.    Curbed laws and be implemented fully

3.    Held culprits accountable including law enforcers committing violations

4.     Make media accountable for their malicious reporting

5.    Educate the people about human rights, violations, and laws for protection

6.    Report to authorities all illegal acts 

7.    Develop trusts among government bodies, law enforcers, and the Filipino citizens

Code of Ethics for Professional Teachers: A Written Report

Reporter: Mr. Dennis Mark A. Dela Cruz

Professor: Dr. Dennis O. Dumrique

CODE OF ETHICS for PROFESSIONAL TEACHERS

Overview

Teaching is the noblest of all profession. An individual aspiring to be in this kind of profession should be prepared and trained sufficiently with long period of academic training and has undergone formal professional training of appropriate organized body of knowledge. More so, a practical experience is much necessary and he or she must be accorded with the code of ethics for the profession that will bind him or her with the community.

The RA NO.7836 also known as the “Philippine Teachers Professionalization Act of 1994” has the following objectives: 1) the promotion, development and professionalization of teachers and the teaching profession; and 2) the supervision and regulation of the licensure examination. It also highlighted the following: created the Board for Professional teachers, established the examination and registration of teachers, enumerated the qualification for teacher applicant, enumerated provisions relative to the practice of the teaching profession, and instituted the CODE OF ETHICS for PROFESSIONAL TEACHERS

Background

The Code of Ethics for Professional Teachers, adopted and promulgated by the Board for Professional Teachers through Board Resolution No. 435, series of 1997, pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (e), Article II of RA No. 7836, otherwise known as the “Philippine Teachers Professionalization Act of 1994” provides in the PREAMBLE that teachers are duly licensed professionals who possess dignity and reputation with high moral values as well as technical and professional competence.

Discussion

1.  The Teacher and the State

The code applies to all teachers both public and private schools in the country. The teachers then are the trustees of the cultural and educational heritage of the nation. It is expected that it is the obligation of the teachers to transmit to the learners such heritage to promote patriotism and love of the country. Through the schools as turfs of future citizens, national morality must elevate, promote national pride and cultivate love of country. By doing so, teachers can produce nationalistic citizenry having great pride of being born as Filipino. In addition, teachers have to translate into action the Department of Education’s Vision to develop Filipinos who are passionately loving their country and making positive contributions in the end.

Teachers should also actively help carry out the declared policies of the state. They have to give full support for state programs and disseminate information relating to such. Teachers have always to upkeep government’s programs like the earthquake drill, the campaign against illegal drugs, deworming, and vaccination against dengue. Whatever the reason is, obedience and support of teachers are essentially important. No other government employees can equate teachers’ responsibility in carrying out the state policies. It is always the teachers who are the front liners and would always give their best to fully understand every programs and strategies of the government whether it is about educating people, uplifting health programs, ensuring safety and or public service. Nobody could deny the fact how teachers have always be on the go to likely implement the every campaigns of the republic even if at worst would risk their lives.  

Satisfactorily, it is therefore a must that teachers are physically, mentally and morally fit for them to carry out and serve best their clienteles. They have to be mentally healthy and emotionally well. Authorities should not be hiring potential liabilities in their group. Having a mentally ill teacher is not appropriate in the profession as such will just give a psychological turmoil to learners for it will develop fear, misbehavior, and unpleasant relations with learners and parents.  

In order to actualize the vision and mission of the department, teachers should possess an attitude of working very hard to do or support something.  Full commitment and devotion to duty is expected from a teacher. To develop this, the department has instituted its accountability among its workfellows. Teachers are role model. As in this case, they have to be exemplars of working performance, work ethics, and work attitudes. Factors affecting and would likely diminish teaching profession as perceived by many should be avoided by practitioners in the field. Every teacher should avoid loafing, moonlighting, misdemeanor, and many other offensive acts in the workplace during working hours. The department has hired everyone in the field for a purpose of serving and achieving the stated goals.   Each should be contributory to the realization of the agency’s vision and mission. Thus, all teachers are expected of their binding performance of dedication and commitment to their respective stations.

In the case of politics and affiliations, any teacher shall not engage in the promotion of any political, religious, or other partisan interest. Each shall vote and shall exercise all other constitutional rights and responsibilities. Anyone is prohibited from influencing others to do something using force or threats to join any groups’ activities. Nobody should use his position to coerce any person to any political events. To practice politics and religion are constitutional rights. However, teachers are prohibited from engaging such promotion of any political party to avoid biases. It is because during elections, teachers served as board of canvassers or election inspectors. On the other hand, distancing themselves from promoting any religion will likewise serve best its clienteles of being multiculturalist and fully aware of public service- giving service rather than personal gains. The separation of the church and the state cannot be denied as stated in the constitution. As government employees, teachers should be reminded that the government has not endorsed any religion as such they also have to. With this, teachers carry the government side and so have to be wary of others who might not have the same religious beliefs with them.

In the practice of teaching profession, all teachers shall enjoy academic freedom. According to US Supreme Court, Academic Freedom is identifying who will teach, what will be taught, how it will be taught, and who may be admitted to study. But, this academic freedom can only be fully enjoyed in the tertiary education as the Philippine Constitution provides. There is no effusively academic freedom in the basic education in the country. Conversely, teachers have the privileges to expound their knowledge. They can pursue professional advancement studies and even do research and investigations. But then again, if discoveries of knowledge are disparaging and will cause many lives into danger, then it should be submitted to proper authorities.

2.  The Teacher and the Community

All teachers shall render the best services ensuring that environment is conducive for learning and development. It is obligatory and teachers have always followed this. Classrooms and schools were always designed to be conducive for learning to the expense of using their own dough for such. Maybe it is also timed for the government to give allowances for the teachers for this purpose. Additionally, teachers have to build community linkages, provide extension services and outreach programs to eventually address the needs of their community and the society as well. Doing any of these is a noble act.  Teachers are not only teachers addressing the ignorance of the enrolled learners but as well have to render services that communities and groups would likely benefit and profit.

In the same way, educators are expected to behave with honor and dignity at all times and refrains from gambling, smoking, drunkenness and illicit relations. They should not engaged to immoral acts and other doings not allowed by the law. Again, teachers are role model. The priceless social recognition is awarded everywhere. We can’t help but be very dignified every single moment. We will never know when our works, our professions, and our influences end. Right here, right there, in here, in there, everywhere, we always meet people who might have been our students before or have known us as a teacher. Also, every teacher has to study and understand local customs and traditions. No badmouthing or belittling a certain group’s practices and beliefs in a community. It is not acceptable expressly coming from a mentor.

It is the responsibility of the gurus to inform the community about the schools work, accomplishments, its needs and problems. Reporting of what the school can do, what the school has achieved, and the future plans of the school are always integral to both the school administrative functions and stakeholders in their participation of the so-called shared responsibility. They also have to provide leadership in community when needed and extend counseling services. This in turn, shadows that teachers still have functions in their respective communities.  And in dealing with other professionals, government officials, people, and individuals, as intellectual leaders they shall maintain harmonious relationships and pleasant personal and official relations. As such the Civil Service Commission ones ruled that “Public service is a public trust.” Therefore, teachers at all times must be accommodating and respectful building cordial relations with stakeholders.

As appropriate, teachers enjoy freedom to attend church and worship but should not use their positions to proselyte others especially their students. True enough, position cannot be used to convert others. Respect for one’s belief is necessary and much more indispensable to favoring personal achievement. There are some who would use their positions to invite others to attend their religious gatherings and would also ask their colleagues and students to eventually go on with the conversion. Proselyting others especially your subordinates is unethical more likely if that is very involuntary. So, teachers should avoid engaging themselves into such doing.

3.  The Teacher and the Profession

Inevitably, teachers should ensure that teaching is the noblest profession. They have to uphold the highest possible standards of quality education. According to Fr. Joaquin Bernas, quality education is making sure that basic education is really solid, because if it is not solid, it affects the quality of secondary education.  If secondary education is poor, then the person goes to college unprepared for college work.  And if he is allowed to graduate again with a poor quality college education, he goes to university professional education even more unprepared. This is a very moving declaration from Fr. Bernas. Quality education really lies in the hands of the teachers. Whatever will be the outcome or the kind of learners or graduates in the end the society would have depend on the education provided by their mentors.  Likewise, to enhance the prestige of the teaching profession, teachers shall pursue and participate in the continuing Professional Education program. This is not only for the benefit of the teachers. Pursing a continuing professional education will bring about advantages to the learners and the whole community as well. Just recently, the Senate approved the Senate Bill 2581 or the Continuing Professional Development (CPD) Act of 2015. This will enhance skills, knowledge, and ethical values of all professionals engaged in the formal and informal learning. On the other hand, teachers should also help if duly authorized to seek support for the school but should avoid misrepresentations and questionable means like programs that are related to electoral drive. If in turn support or activities to be conducted are of political motives, then teachers should avoid supporting it.  All teachers have to be reminded that they have to be politically neutral and schools shall not be used for any political agenda. Besides, they should use teaching profession in a manner that makes it a dignified means for earning a decent living. Selling of something to students that would diminish the teaching profession should be definitely stopped. It is very disgusting to know that there are still teachers in the field who are asking students to pay for contributions of classroom needs, test papers, and many others. And these fellows can eat and stomach gains from students who cannot even afford to buy a pack of juice drink? Isn’t it about time to think twice for our undertakings more so when it involves money?

4. The Teacher and the Teaching Community

Predominantly, professional teachers should support one another and be imbued with the spirit of professional loyalty, mutual confidence and faith in one another, self-sacrifice for the common good and full cooperation with colleagues. While fellow teachers must be caring to one another, it would be a good practice if everybody in the community would also love one another in the name of their profession. Teachers must be the examples as what the saying goes “practice what you preach”. So if they want their students to be of good relationship with their schoolmates, then, teachers and their colleagues must set their examples.

Definitely, citations and due credit shall be made if work of others were used. Never claim others toils for plagiarism is a crime. In other words, quoting sources for your presentations is deemed necessary. Authors, books, quotations, saying, power point presentations were just some of the few materials commonly available through the internet and most of the time sources are never acknowledge. In this world where almost everything is available in an instant, recognizing authentic owners of scholarly works is basic.

When it comes to records and other data, teachers should organize and leave to his successor such. It should be properly turned-over to successor. One should be reminded that the main goal is still the function ability and continues routines of the academe. Thus, for whatever reasons for leaving the workplace, pertinent documents and files must be handed down well.  Meanwhile, it is anticipated that educators will hold inviolate all confidential information concerning associates and the school. In this case, nobody should divulge any information without authorization. For example, announcement of honors of a graduating class is solely a vested responsibility of the school head as per Department of Education Order.

In instances where unprofessional and unethical conduct of any associate appeared and observe, teachers may seek correctives for what may appear to be. Also, any observed justifiable criticism against an associate may be submitted to the proper authorities preferably in writing, without violating any right of the individual concerned. Reporting any wrongdoings of a colleague is ethical. For the purpose of protecting the teaching profession, everyone is liable and is their duty to make teaching be the best and noblest profession. Practicing such will also uphold to all the virtue of honesty. As such act of the caught teacher will be minimized and eradicated in the long run in a wider range. 

Now, the basis of merit and competence is always observed and followed to all government positions. All teachers may apply for a vacant position provided they have met the requirements and that agrees to undergo the system of selection. While there are observed irregularities in the past, however, in today’s time, nobody enters in the teaching positions in the public schools without meeting the set standards for selection of appointees. Anybody in the field who satisfactorily meet the qualifications are given or offered with promotions. Though there are still observed indifferent practices in other divisions and regions where positions are only offered to the school heads “pet”, conclusions cannot be made but rather the truth is that it is still the merit and fitness that where observed for giving the said “pet” the position.

5.  The Teacher and Higher Authorities in the Philippines

Making an honest effort to understand and support the legitimate policies of the school and the administration is another concern of teachers. In the implementation of the RPMS for example, many complaints were heard. Some said it is not necessary, some said it is just another burden to be carried by teachers, and worst many have questioned what RPMS is. Teachers cannot afford but obey and candidly carry out policies of the school. They are in one institution. No other group of professionals will understand first its workplace policies except them.

In the context of making false accusation or charges against superiors, especially under anonymity, teachers are not allowed. It is unethical to do such thing.  But, if there are evidences then it should be made under oath to a competent authority. It should be proper to hand the charges in person under sworn. This way it makes the intention ethical and not just to be considered as an accusation due to insecurities or ill-treatment.

Now, when it comes to transacting official business, it should be done through channels.

Teachers can seek redress against injustice and discrimination and raise his grievances within democratic processes. The Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) should not be disregarded. However, when situations calls for attention of a higher authority then SOP might not be followed. For example, if the injustice is between the subject area coordinator and one of his/her subordinates, then the issue can be brought and settled through with the net higher authority. But, it is still best and appropriate that the subordinate will talk to his/her immediate superior, if not settled then bring it to the next higher authority. Meanwhile, any teacher should not leave their post or be absent for any reason without informing their immediate superior. The priority is learners’ welfare. In any case that untoward incidents happened, the liability goes to the absent teacher particularly if superior was not informed of the absence.  More so, teachers can also invoke the principle that appointments, promotions, and transfer of teachers are made only on the basis of merit and need in the interest of the service. Consent of teacher is necessary principally when there is a transfer of station to be made. Transfer of station should not be a constructive dismissal. Constructive dismissal can be observed when it penalizes the involved teacher jeopardizing him/her for long travel, additional fares, inaccessibility of the new station to name a few.

Consequently, as public servants, they should live up to their contractual obligation – assuming full knowledge of the employment terms and conditions. Permanent or regular appointment does not mean that its forever. For in case of negligence to duties and poor performances in the job, security of tenure cannot be used as shield for disciplinary action or even termination.

6.  School Officials, Teachers and Other Personnel

At all times school officials should show professional courtesy, helpfulness and sympathy towards teachers and other personnel. As expected, teachers are standards of social skills and values. One should not hesitate to offer help and sympathy to fellows. In times of need, no other shoulder to lean on but your colleagues mainly if harmonious relationship was established.

Accordingly, educators should formulate policies or introduce important changes in system at all levels and encourage and attend to the professional growth of all teachers. Proven strategies and practices can be introduced by anybody in the field. Thus, trying out new things that would bring developments should also be encouraged.  Nevertheless, any official shall not dismiss or recommend for dismissal a teacher or other subordinates except for a cause. Coaching and mentoring should be done first. In the absence of any development after many interventions have been initiated, then, it is reasonable to take effect disciplinary sanctions.

 In matters involving the hiring of public school teachers, duly authorized officials are held accountable to ensure that those who are employed are in accordance with pertinent civil service rules. More so, employed teachers should be in accordance with existing laws such as Civil Service Rules and Regulations, RA 2260 amended by RA 6040 and RA 4670 or the Magna Carta for Public School Teachers.

7.  The Teacher and Learners

Giving a grade in subjects handled is the rightful duty of teachers.  Teachers should establish high regard to maintain the sacredness and confidentiality of students’ grades.  Also, they have to recognize that the interest and welfare of learners are his first and foremost concern, and handle each learner justly and impartially. Learners’ behavior is different from his or her academic performance so it shall not be used as basis for him or her to receive a failing grade. One should not be prejudiced nor discriminate any learner and refrain from accepting favors or gifts from learners, parents and others in exchange for requested concessions.

As intellectual leaders, gurus should not accept, directly or indirectly, any remuneration from tutorials and should only base evaluation of the learner’s work on merit and quality of academic performance. Double pay in the government is not allowed. Likewise, teachers are expected to exercise utmost discretion to avoid scandal, gossip and preferential treatment of the learner and should not inflict corporal punishment on offending learners nor make deductions from their scholastic ratings. One should realize and fully understand that behavior and grades are two different factors in a student’s demeanor and that behavior is definitely excluded of students’ academic rating. Also, teachers are barred from accepting favors from failed students and receiving additional remunerations for tutorials. They have to insure that conditions contributive to the maximum development of learners are adequate. As per DepEd Order No.8, series of 2016 mandates that remedial or intervention activities shall be given to students performing low in the specific subject for them to cope and not to be left behind. 

Seemingly, in a situation where mutual attraction and love developed between a teacher and learner, the teacher shall exercise utmost professional discretion to avoid scandal and preferential treatment of the learner. Also, to avoid any other lawsuit concerning the learner’s abused for being a minor, teacher should not engage into such. In any case, attraction subsequently developed into an inevitable love with the learner, professional discretion shall be observed by the teacher.  Nobody can stop anyone from loving someone. However, teacher is a teacher. To be in loved with a student is not a sin. But, think deeply not only for yourself but to the entire teachers who have faithfully live with honor and dignity. Society judges us. Yeah, it is true. If feelings cannot be avoided then there is a much more fitting time for it.  For, if it is true love, it can wait as what the olden saying goes.

8.  The Teacher and Parents

Establishing and maintaining cordial relations with parents is a meritorious act a teacher can ever have. Having these would be easier for the school to communicate and get the support of the parents.  Teachers with a binding relationship with parents permit a strong partnership and governance in the long run. Another function of teachers is to inform parents, through proper authorities of the progress or deficiencies of learners under him. He or she may conduct parent-teacher conferences to properly call the attention and seek the help of the parents to attain the educational goals for the learner concerned.  Also, they have to hear parents’ complaint with sympathy and understanding. They have to exercise utmost candor or be very open, honest, and sincere when talking with parents.

9.  The Teacher and Business

Teachers are not barred to engage, directly or indirectly, in legitimate income generation. It should only be that business should not be related to teaching and should be done beyond working hours. In case of having part-time teaching jobs, it should be done after office hours and should not be affecting the duties and responsibilities in the school. It is however a must that teacher wishing to do part-time should have to submit permit to teach to proper authorities for guidance.

In order to maintain a good reputation with respect to financial matters, settlement of debts and loans must be arranged satisfactorily. Lastly, teacher should not act, directly or indirectly, as agent of or be financially interested in any commercial venture such as selling of books, school supplies, and other commodities.

10.  The Teacher as a Person

At all times, teachers should live with dignity in all places. Being prompt, radiant, pleasing, with impressive personal presence, refinement, and pleasant manners were just some of the essential qualities of teacher that will place premium upon self-respect and self-discipline and eventually make reputation to teacher as a unique person.  Maintaining a dignified personality at all times is another societal expectation from a teacher. A teacher is easier judged when a mistake is committed and worst diminishing the profession carried by the felonious mentor.  In all of these roles of teachers, to fully fulfill and function guided with these code of ethics, it is also imperative that teachers should have and recognize the Almighty God or Being as guide of his own destiny and of the destinies of men and nations.

11. Disciplinary Actions

Any violation shall be sufficient ground for the imposition of the disciplinary action consisting of revocation of his Certification of Registration and License as a Professional Teacher, suspension from the practice of teaching profession, or reprimand or cancellation of his temporary/special permit.

Disciplinary actions would always be part of administrative function and supervision in order to maintain order and achieve expected realizations of any organizational mandate.

Conclusion

A professional teacher should possess technical skills, social skills, and personal qualities. Essentially a teacher is a role model - appropriate personal appearance, dress, style and content of communication or suitable use of language, and cooperating with other workers. A professional teacher should have a very good character and personality. Historically preferred in the profession, is a radiant, pleasing, impressive personality   appearance, refinement, pleasant manners, industry, and enthusiastic. In addition, it is best to avoid neurotic teacher that may spread fear,     nervousness and worry in the classroom.  A teacher should be mentally fit and healthy. Moreover, a professional teacher should not be quiet, retreating and introverted. Likewise, it is a must that teacher is professionally efficient with true devotion towards teaching, mastery over subjects and fair knowledge of current affairs. Furthermore, teacher should continuously engage to professional training and is accountable.  Professional teachers get to work on time, get to work done before deadlines, use suitable initiative, accept appropriate responsibility, and accept suggestions and criticisms. Indispensably, someone in the teaching profession should be excellent in time management, resources management, space management and excellent relationship with the faculty. As such, a code of ethics is vital for all individuals inclined in this noble act.

References

Books

1. Duka, C. D. (2008). The law and the teaching profession in the Philippines. Quezon City:

                C & E Pub.

2. Omnibus rules implementing Book V of Executive Order no. 292 and other pertinent civil

                service laws. (1999). Diliman, Quezon City: Civil Service Commission.

Website

1. Bernal, J. (2014, November 30). Code of Ethics for Professional Teachers of the Philippines. Retrieved July 12, 2016, from http://www.slideshare.net/JohnBernal2/code-of-ethics-for-professional-teachers-of-the-philippines

2. Capulong, N. (n.d.). Five Dimensions to Professionalism. Retrieved July 12, 2016, from https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:cKtCtJ8mueIJ:https://im212mitzi.wikispaces.com/file/view/Code+of+Ethics.ppt&cd=1&hl=fil&ct=clnk&gl=phhttps://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:cKtCtJ8mueIJ:https://im212mitzi.wikispaces.com/file/view/Code+of+Ethics.ppt &cd=1&hl=fil&ct=clnk&gl=ph